1. During what period was the working day increased, and why?
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2. During what period was the working day reduced, and why?
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3. Marx's analysis depends on making a sharp distinction between human labour and the labour of other animals. If a farmer can produce more by e.g. using horses, Marx regards that as an increase in the productivity of the farmer's labour, rather than a surplus gained by the farmer exploiting the horses' labour. Why?
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4. What are constant and variable capital? And why does Marx call them that?
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5. Why can't machines and raw materials add more than their own value to the product?
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